秸秆覆盖量对半干旱区旱作春玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

在宁夏南部旱作农田,连续2年进行了0 kg/hm2(对照)、4 500、9 000和13 500 kg/hm24种不同秸秆覆盖量处理的栽培试验。结果表明,随着覆盖量的增加,在播种45 d后春玉米的株高、茎粗、叶面积等农艺性状观测值均随着明显提高,当覆盖量为13 500 kg/hm2时,平均比对照分别提高32.8%、48.4%和39.1%。当覆盖量为9 000 kg/hm2时,玉米的产量和水分利用效率分别较对照提高了16.2%和27.3%。当覆盖量大于9 000 kg/hm2时,其增产保墒效果不再明显提高。     

北方甘薯农艺性状与产量的相关性及灰色关联度分析

通过对14个甘薯品种(系)的随机区组试验,分析了其农艺性状与产量的相关性和灰色关联度,结果表明:在相关性分析中,鲜薯产量与干率、淀粉率和病情指数均呈极显著负相关关系,与大中薯率显著正相关,与小薯率显著负相关。薯干产量与分枝数显著负相关,与干率呈显著正相关。淀粉产量与分枝数显著负相关,与干率和淀粉率均呈显著正相关。在关联度分析中,单株茎叶重、大中薯率、单株结薯数、结薯集中性、茎粗和整齐度对鲜薯产量的关联度较高。茎粗、大中薯率、蔓长、单株结薯数、淀粉率和干率对薯干产量的关联度较高。而淀粉率、干率、蔓长、茎粗、单株茎叶重和单株结薯数对淀粉产量的关联度较高。因此,北方甘薯在高产栽培和品种选育方面,应该选择茎基部粗、蔓长较短、分枝数较少、薯块大小均匀、数量适中和大中薯率较高的品种。     

Maximum economic yield in crisis?

We examine the claim in Christensen that Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) is equal to Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). The basis for this claim is that MEY considers only the ‘catching’ of fish and that when the full value‐chain is considered; it is the MSY level that maximizes economic value. We argue that to maximize society’s benefit from a given sector of an economy, resources need to be allocated across all sectors such that additional net benefits from employing one more unit of society’s resources are equalized across all sectors of the economy. In this way, the opportunity cost of employing society’s resources across all economic sectors is minimized. In an economy where all resources are fully utilized, further value added in the value chain for fish is an additional cost and has the effect of reducing fishing effort and optimum yield rather than the opposite. In a less developed economy or a developed one in recession where all resources are not fully used, the multiplier effect could be important, and if it is high for fisheries it would be an argument to maximize sustainable yield and effort. We show, using current input‐output data, that this is not the case. Furthermore, from a simple principle of optimization, we know that to optimize a sector that consists of many segments through time, one has to optimize every portion of the chain through time.     

烯效唑和硼肥对杂交小麦制种产量的影响

用种量大,制种产量低是限制杂交小麦大面积推广的关键问题之一。以烯效唑、Openall、硼肥3种化学物质处理小麦不育系,旨在选择提高杂交小麦制种产量的化学物质组合。结果发现,每公顷喷施烯效唑5%粉剂112.5 g和硼砂2 505 g,制种产量可提高22.2%,异交结实率提高6.6个百分点,开颖角度明显增加。     

Effects of bark mulch and npk fertilizer on yield,leaf nutrient status and soil mineral nitrogen during three years of strawberry production

The effects of bark mulch and NPK fertilizers on yield and leaf and soil nutrient status of ‘Korona’ strawberry plants (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.), were studied over a period of three years. A significant effect of mulching was found in the first harvest year, but additional fertilizer did not affect total yield. Bark mulch slightly decreased the level of leaf nitrogen, but increased the level of leaf phosphorus and potassium in all years. Bark had a significant, negative effect on soil nitrate and ammonium content in the two first seasons. Mulching increased the soil moisture content in all years.     

高温胁迫下银杏离体枝条叶片的叶绿素荧光特性

银杏是一种重要经济树种，随着全球气温升高，高温适应性问题已经影响了其在低纬度区域的栽培。为了探明高温胁迫对银杏叶片光合过程的影响，本研究中离体银杏枝条被置于不同温度（25 ℃、30 ℃、35 ℃、40 ℃、45 ℃）下处理，随即对其叶绿素荧光参数进行监测。 结果显示：40 ℃以上高温胁迫下，银杏叶片的光系统II（PSⅡ）潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降；最大荧光（Fm）、最大相对电子传递速率（rETRmax）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Yield）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）均显著下降；而初始荧光（Fo）和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）在40℃以上高温胁迫下显著上升。本研究表明，银杏离体枝条叶片光合作用对温度变化较敏感，推测高温可能伤害了光合机构，从而对光能的吸收、转换与光合电子传递都有显著的影响。银杏离体枝条叶片的叶绿素荧光动力学参数对高温的敏感性，可能有助于快速筛选和培育耐高温的银杏品种。     

现代电子称重技术发展对森林收获计测的影响

回顾森林收获计测技术的发展历史,分析现代电子称量技术的发展应用前景,指出木材及木制品以体积计量计价的局限性和以重量计量计价的优势,认为当前一些木材市场上出现的买卖双方以重量而不是以材积计量计价现象有其历史必然性。基于以重量计量计价更为客观、准确、快捷、高效,并大幅降低成本的优势,其在纸浆等工业原料林经营、林业碳汇贸易等方面具有广泛应用潜力。     

青贮笋壳对奶牛生产性能及部分血清生化指标的影响

为研究青贮笋壳在奶牛生产中的应用效果，试验选用15头健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分成3组，即对照组、试验1组（6 kg青贮笋壳替代对照组日粮中1.5 kg的苜蓿干草）和试验2组（9 kg青贮笋壳替代对照组日粮中2.5 kg的苜蓿干草），进行为期60 d的饲养试验，其中预饲期10 d，正式期50 d。试验结果表明，试验1组产奶量较对照组和试验2组有所提高，但差异不显著（P＞0.05），试验1组4%标准奶产量则显著高于试验2组和对照组（P＜0.05）。试验1组乳脂率显著高于试验2组和对照组（P＜0.05），其他乳成分含量各试验组均较对照组有所改善（P＞0.05）。奶牛各项血清生化指标试验组和对照组间无显著差异，均处于正常生理范围。因此，青贮笋壳可以替代部分苜蓿干草在奶牛日粮中使用。